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Musi waKubvumbi 10, 2023, Mutungamiri weUS, VaJoe Biden, vakasaina bhiri rekugumisa zviri pamutemo COVID-19 "nyika yenjodzi" muUnited States. Mwedzi mumwe gare gare, COVID-19 haichaite "hutano hweveruzhinji Emergency yeInternational kunetseka." MunaGunyana 2022, Biden akati "COVID-19 denda rapera," uye mwedzi iwoyo kwakave nekufa kunodarika zviuru gumi zvine chekuita neCOVID-10,000 muUnited States. Chokwadi, United States haisiriyo yoga inotaura mashoko akadaro. Dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzakazivisa kupera kweCCIDID-19 denda rekukurumidzira muna 2022, rakabvisa zvirambidzo, uye kudzora COVID-19 sefuruwenza. Zvidzidzo zvipi zvatingawana kubva mumashoko akadaro ezvakaitika kare?

Makore mazana matatu apfuura, Mambo Louis XV weFrance akarayira kuti denda rakanga richipararira kumaodzanyemba kweFrance rakanga rapera (ona mufananidzo). Kwemazana emakore, denda rakauraya vanhu vakawanda munyika yose. Kubva 1720 kusvika 1722, inopfuura hafu yevanhu veMarseille vakafa. Chinangwa chikuru chemutemo uyu chaive chekubvumidza vatengesi kuti vatangezve mabasa avo ebhizinesi, uye hurumende yakakoka vanhu kuti vavese moto wemoto pamberi pedzimba dzavo kuti "vapemberere pachena" kupera kwedenda. Chirevo ichi chaive chizere nemhemberero uye chiratidzo, uye chakamisa mwero wezviziviso zvakatevera uye mhemberero dzekupera kwedenda. Inopawo chiedza chakajeka pamusoro pechikonzero chehupfumi shure kwezviziviso zvakadaro.

Chiziviso chinozivisa moto muParis kupemberera kupera kwedenda muProvence, 1723.

Asi murayiro wacho wakagumisa denda racho chaizvoizvo here? Chokwadi kwete. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, denda rakanga richiri kuitika, apo Alexandre Yersin akawana utachiona hweYersinia pestis muHong Kong muna 1894. Kunyange zvazvo mamwe masayendisiti achidavira kuti denda racho rakanyangarika muma1940, harisati riri chisaririra chenhau. Yave kutapurira vanhu mune imwe endemic zoonotic fomu kumaruwa ekumadokero kweUnited States uye inowanikwa zvakanyanya muAfrica neAsia.

Saka hatigone kubatsira asi kubvunza: denda richazopera here? Kana zvakadaro, rini? Sangano reWorld Health Organisation rinoona kuti kubuda kwechirwere ichi kwapera kana pasina nyaya dzakasimbiswa kana fungidziro dzave kutaurwa kwenguva yakapetwa kaviri seyakanyanya kuvharirwa nguva yehutachiona. Ichishandisa tsananguro iyi, Uganda yakazivisa kupera kwechirwere cheEbola chichangobva kuitika munyika iyi muna Ndira 11, 2023. Zvisineyi, nekuti denda (izwi rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki rokuti pan [" all "] uye demos [" people "]) chiitiko chedenda uye chesociopolitical chinoitika pasi rose, kupera kwedenda, senge mavambo aro, zvematongerwo enyika, uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, zvakare, kwete padanho rezvematongerwo enyika. zvikonzero zvetsika. Tichifunga nezvematambudziko akatarisana nawo mukupedza hutachiona hwedenda (kusanganisira kusawirirana kwehutano, kusawirirana kwepasirese kunokanganisa kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, kufamba kwevanhu, kuramba kwehutachiona, uye kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kuchinja hunhu hwemhuka dzesango), nzanga dzinowanzosarudza zano rine yakaderera magariro, ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi mutengo. Urongwa uhwu hunosanganisira kubata kumwe kufa sekusingadzivisike kune mamwe mapoka evanhu vane hurombo hwemagariro nehupfumi kana matambudziko ari pasi pehutano.

Nekudaro, denda rinopera kana nzanga ikatora nzira yehutongi hwemagariro uye hupfumi hwemitengo yehutano hweveruzhinji - muchidimbu, apo nzanga inogadzirisa kufa kwakabatana uye huwandu hwehurwere. Maitiro aya anobatsirawo kune inozivikanwa se "endmic" yechirwere (" endemic "inobva muchiGiriki en ["mukati"] uye demos), muitiro unosanganisira kushivirira nhamba yakati yezvirwere. Endemic zvirwere zvinowanzokonzera dzimwe nguva kubuda kwechirwere munharaunda, asi hazvitungamiri mukuzara kwemadhipatimendi ekukurumidzira.

Furuwenza muenzaniso. Denda refuruwenza ra1918 H1N1, rinowanzonzi "furuwenza yeSpain," rakauraya vanhu mazana mashanu kusvika zana pasi rese, kusanganisira mazana matanhatu nemakumi manomwe neshanu muUnited States. Asi H1N1 flu strain haina kupera, asi yakaramba ichitenderera mune zvinyoro zvakasiyana. Sangano reCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) rinoti vanhu vanosvika zviuru makumi matatu nezvishanu muAmerica vafa nefuruu gore rega rega mumakore gumi apfuura. Sosaiti haina chete "endemic" chirwere (ikozvino chirwere chemwaka), asiwo inogadzirisa kufa kwayo kwegore negore uye huwandu hwezvirwere. Sosaiti inogadzirisawo, zvichireva kuti nhamba yevakafa iyo nzanga inogona kushivirira kana kupindura kwave yave kubvumirana uye inovakwa mumagariro evanhu, tsika uye hutano maitiro pamwe chete nezvinotarisirwa, mari uye zvivako zvemasangano.

Mumwe muenzaniso ndewetibhii. Kunyange zvazvo imwe yezvinangwa zvehutano muUN Sustainable Development Goals ndeye "kubvisa TB" ne2030, inoramba ichionekwa kuti izvi zvichaitwa sei kana urombo hwakakwana uye kusaenzana kwakanyanya kuchiramba. Chirwere cheTB “chinouraya chinyararire” munyika dzakawanda dzine mari yakaderera-nepakati, zvichikonzerwa nekushaikwa kwemishonga yakakosha, kushaikwa kwezvokurapa zvakakwana, kushaya chikafu uye kuzara kwedzimba. Munguva yeCOVID-19 denda, huwandu hwerufu rweTB hwakawedzera kekutanga muanopfuura makore gumi.

Chirwere chekorera chave kupararira. Muna 1851, hutano hwehutano hwekorera uye kukanganisa kwayo kune kutengeserana kwepasi rose kwakakurudzira vamiririri vemasimba eumambo kuti vashevedze musangano wekutanga weInternational Sanitary Conference muParis kuti vakurukure nzira yekudzora chirwere ichi. Vakagadzira mitemo yekutanga yehutano pasi rose. Asi nepo utachiona hunokonzera korera hwakaonekwa uye kurapa kuri nyore (kusanganisira rehydration nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya) kwave kuripo, njodzi yehutano kubva kucholera haina kumbobvira yapera. Pasi rose, kune vanhu 1.3 kusvika 4 miriyoni vanobatwa necholera uye 21 000 kusvika 143 000 vanofa gore rega rega. Muna 2017, sangano reGlobal Task Force on Cholera Control rakaronga gwara rekupedza cholera panosvika gore ra2030. Zvisinei, chirwere chekorera chawedzera mumakore achangopfuura munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga kana kuti dzine hurombo pasi rose.

Mukondombera weHIV/AIDS zvichida ndiwo muenzaniso wakanyatsokodzera wedenda razvino uno. Muna 2013, paSpecial Summit yeAfrican Union, yakaitirwa kuAbuja, Nigeria, nyika dzenhengo dzakazvipira kutora matanho ekubvisa HIV neAIDS, marariya neTB panosvika 2030. Muna 2019, Bazi rehutano neHuman Services rakazivisawo danho rekupedza denda reHIV muUnited States panosvika 2030, hutachiona hweHIV hutsva muUnited States gore rega rega. chikamu chikuru nekusaenzana kwemaitiro mukuongororwa, kurapwa, nekudzivirira, nepo muna 2022, kuchave ne630,000 ndufu dzine chekuita neHIV pasi rose.

Nepo HIV/AIDS ichiri dambudziko rehutano hweveruzhinji pasi rose, haichanzi idambudziko rehutano hweveruzhinji. Pane kudaro, hutachiona uye hutsika hweHIV / AIDS uye kubudirira kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakashandura kuva chirwere chisingaperi chine kutonga kunofanira kukwikwidzana nemari shoma nezvimwe zvinetso zvehutano zvepasi rose. Mafungiro edambudziko, kukosha uye kukurumidza kwakabatana nekuwanikwa kwekutanga kweHIV muna 1983 kwakadzikira. Muitiro uyu wezvemagariro evanhu uye wezvematongerwo enyika waita kuti kufa kwezviuru zvevanhu gore negore.

Kuzivisa kupera kwedenda nokudaro kunoratidza kukosha kwehupenyu hwemunhu kushanduka - nemamwe mazwi, hurumende dzinofunga kuti muripo wemagariro, hupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika wekuponesa hupenyu kupfuura mabhenefiti. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti endemic chirwere chinogona kuperekedzwa nemikana yehupfumi. Kune kufunga kwenguva refu kwemusika uye zvingangobatsira zvehupfumi kudzivirira, kurapa nekugadzirisa zvirwere zvaimbove denda repasi rose. Semuenzaniso, musika wepasi rose wemishonga yeHIV waikosha mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emadhora muna 2021 uye unotarisirwa kudarika mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu emadhora panosvika 2028. Panyaya yedenda reCCIDID-19, "COVID-19 refu," yave kuonekwa semutoro wehupfumi, inogona kunge iri iyo inotevera hupfumi nzvimbo yeindasitiri yemishonga.

Aya maitikiro enhoroondo anojekesa kuti chinotaridza kupera kwedenda hachisi chiziviso chedenda kana chero chiziviso chezvematongerwo enyika, asi kudzikamisa kwekufa kwayo uye kurwara kuburikidza nemaitiro uye kupera kwechirwere, icho muchiitiko cheCOVID-19 denda rinozivikanwa se "kurarama nehutachiona". Chakasvitsa denda iri kumagumo kwaivewo kutsunga kwehurumende kuti dambudziko rehutano hweveruzhinji harichakonzerese kukonzeresa hupfumi hwenyika kana hupfumi hwenyika. Kupedza dambudziko reCCIDID-19 saka inzira yakaoma yekuona masimba ane simba ezvematongerwo enyika, ehupfumi, etsika, uye netsika, uye haisi mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwakaringana kwezviitiko zvedenda kana kungoita zvekufananidzira.