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Pasi pemumvuri weCovid-19 denda, hutano hwepasi rose hwakatarisana nematambudziko asina kumboitika. Nekudaro, imo mudambudziko rakadaro umo sainzi uye tekinoroji zvakaratidza kugona kwavo kukuru nesimba. Kubva pakatanga denda iri, nharaunda yesainzi yepasi rose nehurumende dzakabatira pamwe kusimudzira kukurumidza kusimudzira nekusimudzira kwemishonga yekudzivirira, zvichiwana mhedzisiro inoshamisa. Nekudaro, nyaya dzakadai sekugovewa kwakaenzana kwejekiseni uye kusakwana kweveruzhinji kuda kugamuchira majekiseni zvichiri kunetsa kurwisa kwepasi rose kurwisa denda.

Denda reCovid-19 risati rasvika, furuwenza ya1918 ndiyo yaive yakanyanya kutapukira munhoroondo yeUS, uye nhamba yevakafa yakakonzerwa nedenda reCovid-19 iyi yakapetwa kaviri yefuruwenza ya1918. Denda reCovid-19 rakafambisa kufambira mberi kunoshamisa mumunda wekudzivirira, kupa vaccin yakachengeteka uye inoshanda kuvanhu uye kuratidza kugona kwenharaunda yekurapa kukurumidza kupindura kumatambudziko makuru pamberi pezvido zvehutano zveveruzhinji. Izvo ndezvekuti kune nyika isina kusimba mumunda wekudzivirira wepasirese uye wepasi rose, kusanganisira nyaya dzine chekuita nekugovera vaccine uye kutonga. Chiitiko chechitatu ndechekuti kudyidzana pakati pemabhizinesi akazvimirira, hurumende, uye vedzidzo kwakakosha mukusimudzira kukurumidza kusimudzira kwechizvarwa chekutanga cheCovid-19. Zvichibva pazvidzidzo izvi zvakadzidzwa, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) iri kutsvaga rutsigiro rwekusimudzira chizvarwa chitsva chemishonga yekudzivirira yakavandudzwa.

Chirongwa cheNextGen chirongwa chemabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora chakatsigirwa neDhipatimendi reHutano neHuman Services chine chinangwa chekuvandudza chizvarwa chinotevera chemhinduro dzehutano hweCovid-19. Urongwa uhwu huchatsigira mapofu maviri-mapofu, anoshanda anodzora Phase 2b miyedzo yekuongorora kuchengetedzwa, kushanda zvakanaka, uye immunogenicity yemishonga yekuedza maererano nemishonga yakagamuchirwa mumarudzi akasiyana uye marudzi. Isu tinotarisira kuti mapuratifomu ekudzivirira aya ashande kune mamwe majekiseni ezvirwere zvinotapukira, zvichiita kuti vakwanise kukurumidza kupindura kune ramangwana rehutano nekutyisidzira. Aya maedzo anosanganisira akawanda kufunga.

Mhedzisiro huru yechikamu chechipiri chekuyedza kiriniki ndechekuvandudza kushanda kwemushonga unopfuura makumi matatu muzana mukati memwedzi gumi nemiviri yekutarisa zvichienzaniswa nemishonga yakatobvumidzwa. Vatsvaguri vanozoongorora kushanda kwemushonga mutsva zvichienderana nekudzivirira kwayo kubva kune symptomatic Covid-19; Uye zvakare, seyechipiri yekupedzisira, vatori vechikamu vanozozviyedza nemhino swabs pasvondo rega rega kuti vawane data nezve asymptomatic hutachiona. Majekiseni aripo muUnited States akavakirwa pane spike protein antigens uye anopihwa kuburikidza nejekiseni remukati memuscular, nepo chizvarwa chinotevera chevanodzivirira vaccine chichavimba nepuratifomu yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira spike protein genome uye mamwe matunhu akachengetedzwa ehutachiona genome, senge majini encoding nucleocapsid, membrane, kana mamwe mapuroteni asina kuumbwa. Iyi puratifomu nyowani inogona kusanganisira recombinant viral vector vaccines inoshandisa mavheji ane/asina kugona kutevedzera uye ane genes encoding SARS-CoV-2 mapuroteni akaumbwa uye asina chimiro. Yechipiri-yechizvarwa self amplifying mRNA (samRNA) yekudzivirira inokurumidza kubuda tekinoroji fomu inogona kuongororwa seimwe mhinduro. Iyo samRNA vaccine inoisa replicases inotakura yakasarudzwa immunogenic sequences mu lipid nanoparticles kukonzeresa mhinduro chaiyo yekudzivirira immune. Izvo zvakanakira papuratifomu iyi zvinosanganisira yakaderera RNA dosi (iyo inogona kuderedza reactivity), mhinduro dzekudzivirira dzisingaperi dzenguva refu, uye majekiseni akatsiga patembiricha yefiriji.

Tsanangudzo yekubatana kwedziviriro (CoP) ndeye chaiyo inogadzirisa humoral uye cellular immune system inogona kupa dziviriro kubva kune kutapukirwa kana kutapukirwa nemamwe hutachiona. Iyo Phase 2b kuyedza ichaongorora inogona kuitika maCoPs ekudzivirira kweCovid-19. Kune mavhairasi mazhinji, anosanganisira makoronavirus, kuona CoP kwagara kuri kunetsa nekuti akati wandei ekuzvidzivirira kwezvirwere zvinoshanda pamwechete kuti hutachiona husashande, kusanganisira kusarerekera uye kusarerekera masoja ekudzivirira chirwere (akadai seagglutination antibodies, precipitation antibodies, kana complement fixation antibodies), isotype antibodies, CD4 + uye CD8 + T masero, antibody Fc mashandiro uye ndangariro. Zvakatonyanya kuomarara, basa rezvikamu izvi mukupokana neSARS-CoV-2 rinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yeanatomical (sekutenderera, tishu, kana kufema mucosal pamusoro) uye magumo anotariswa (senge asymptomatic hutachiona, hutachiona hwechiratidzo, kana kurwara kwakanyanya).

Kunyangwe kuziva CoP kunoramba kuchinetsa, mhedzisiro yepre-mvumo yevaccine miyedzo inogona kubatsira kuyera hukama pakati pekutenderedza mazinga ekudzivirira antibody uye kushanda kwekudzivirira. Ziva akati wandei mabhenefiti eCoP. Iyo CoP yakazara inogona kuita kuti zvidzidzo zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvekudzivirira zvirwere pamapuratifomu matsva ekudzivirira nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya mutengo pane miyedzo mikuru inodzorwa neplacebo, uye kubatsira kuongorora kugona kwekudzivirira kwekudzivirira kwevanhu vasina kuisirwa mukuedza kwekudzivirira, sevana. Kuona CoP kunogona zvakare kuongorora nguva yekudzivirira hutachiona mushure mekutapukirwa nemhando nyowani kana jekiseni kurwisa mitsetse mitsva, uye kubatsira kuona kana booster pfuti ichidiwa.

Musiyano wekutanga weOmicron wakaonekwa muna Mbudzi 2021. Kana uchienzaniswa nerudzi rwekutanga, une maamino acids angangoita makumi matatu akatsiviwa (kusanganisira gumi neshanu amino acids mu spike protein), uye nekudaro anosarudzwa semusiyano wekunetsekana. Mudenda rakapfuura rakakonzerwa neakawanda eCCIDID-19 akasiyana akadai sealpha, beta, delta uye kappa, basa rekudzivirira remasoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogadzirwa nehutachiona kana kubaya kurwisa Omikjon musiyano rakaderedzwa, izvo zvakaita kuti Omikjon atsive hutachiona hwedelta pasi rose mukati memavhiki mashoma. Kunyangwe kugona kudzokorodza kweOmicron mumaseru ekufema kwakadzikira kana zvichienzaniswa nekutanga kuomarara, zvakambotungamira kukuwedzera kwakanyanya kwehuwandu hwehutachiona. Kushanduka kwakatevera kweiyo Omicron musiyano zvishoma nezvishoma kwakawedzera kugona kwayo kunzvenga masoja ekudzivirira ekudzivirira aripo, uye basa rayo rekusunga kune angiotensin inoshandura enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors yakawedzerawo, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekutapurirana. Zvisinei, mutoro wakakomba wezvipembenene izvi (kusanganisira JN.1 vana veBA.2.86) zvishoma. Non humoral immune immune inogona kunge iri chikonzero chekudzikira kwechirwere ichi zvichienzaniswa nekutapurirwa kwekare. Kupona kwevarwere veCCIDID-19 vasina kugadzira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere (akadai seaya ane kurapwa kwakakonzera kushomeka kweB-cell) kunosimbisa kukosha kwekusadzivirira masero.

Izvi zvinocherechedzwa zvinoratidza kuti antigen-specific memory T masero haanyanyi kukanganiswa ne spike protein yekutiza shanduko mumatanho emutant achienzaniswa nemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere. Memory T maseru anoita seanokwanisa kuziva akachengetedzwa zvakanyanya peptide epitopes pane spike protein receptor binding domains uye mamwe mavhairasi encoded akarongeka uye asiri mapuroteni. Kuwanikwa uku kunogona kutsanangura kuti sei ma mutant strains ane kuderera kwekunzwa kune aripo neutralizing masoja ekudzivirira chirwere angave akabatana nechirwere chakapfava, uye kuratidza kukosha kwekuvandudza kuonekwa kweT cell-mediated immune response.

Iyo yekumusoro yekufema turakiti ndiyo yekutanga poindi yekubata uye yekupinda kwehutachiona hwekufema senge coronaviruses (iyo nasal epithelium yakapfuma muACE2 receptors), uko kune ese ari maviri emukati uye anogadzirisa ekudzivirira ekudzivirira anoitika. Iwo aripo aripo intramuscular vaccine ane mashoma ekugonesa akasimba mucosal immune mhinduro. Muhuwandu hwevanhu vane huwandu hwejekiseni hwakanyanya, kuenderera mberi kwekuwanda kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kunogona kupa kudzvanyirira kwakasarudzika pamhando yemhando, zvichiwedzera mukana wekupukunyuka kwe immune. Mishonga yeMucosal inogona kumutsa mhinduro dzemuno mucosal immune immune uye systemic immune immune, kudzikisira kutapurirana kwenharaunda uye kuvaita vaccine yakakodzera. Dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira dzinosanganisira intradermal (microarray patch), oral (tablet), intranasal (spray kana kudonha), kana inhalation (aerosol). Kubuda kwejekiseni remahara retsono kunogona kuderedza kuzeza kune vaccine uye kuwedzera kugamuchirwa kwavo. Zvisinei nemaitiro akatorwa, kurerutsa jekiseni kunoderedza mutoro kune vashandi vehutano, nekudaro kuvandudza kuwanikwa kwejekiseni uye kufambisa matanho ekupindura denda remangwana, kunyanya kana zvichidikanwa kuita zvirongwa zvakakura zvekudzivirira. Kushanda kwemajekiseni emushonga mumwe chete anosimudzira anoshandisa enteric coated, tembiricha yakagadzikana mahwendefa ekudzivirira uye intranasal vaccine ichaongororwa nekuongorora antigen-chaiyo IgA mhinduro mumaturakiti emudumbu uye ekufema.

Muchikamu chechipiri chekuedza kwekiriniki, kunyatsotarisisa kuchengetedza kwevatori vechikamu kwakakosha zvakafanana nekuvandudza kushanda kwejekiseni. Isu tichaunganidza zvakarongeka uye kuongorora data yekuchengetedza. Kunyangwe kuchengetedzeka kwemishonga yekudzivirira yeCovid-19 kwakanyatso kuratidzwa, maitiro akaipa anogona kuitika mushure mekudzivirira. Muyedzo yeNextGen, vatori vechikamu vangangosvika chiuru vanozoongororwa njodzi uye vanozopihwa zvisina tsarukano kuti vagamuchire ingave yekudzivirira yekudzivirira kana yekudzivirira ine rezinesi muchiyero che1: 1. Kuongororwa kwakadzama kwemaitiro emunharaunda uye systemic akashata achapa ruzivo rwakakosha, kusanganisira chiitiko chematambudziko akadai semyocarditis kana pericarditis.

Dambudziko guru rakatarisana nevagadziri vejekiseni kudiwa kwekuchengetedza kugona kwekupindura nekukurumidza; Vagadziri vanofanirwa kunge vachikwanisa kugadzira mazana emamiriyoni emadhora ekudzivirira mukati memazuva zana kubva kubuda, chinova zvakare chinangwa chakatarwa nehurumende. Sezvo denda richiderera uye kupindira kwedenda kuswedera, kudiwa kwekudzivirira kuchadzikira zvakanyanya, uye vagadziri vachasangana nematambudziko ane chekuita nekuchengetedza cheni dzekugovera, zvakakosha zvinhu (enzymes, lipids, buffers, uye nucleotides), uye kuzadza nekugadzirisa kugona. Parizvino, kudiwa kwemajekiseni eCCIDID-19 munharaunda kwakaderera pane kudiwa muna 2021, asi maitiro ekugadzira anoshanda padiki pane "denda rakazara" achiri kuda kusimbiswa nevakuru vane masimba. Kumwe kufambira mberi kwekiriniki kunodawo kusimbiswa kubva kune zviremera zvinotonga, izvo zvinogona kusanganisira inter batch consistency zvidzidzo uye zvinotevera Phase 3 efficacy zvirongwa. Kana mhedzisiro yemuyedzo yakarongwa yePase 2b ine tariro, zvinoderedza zvakanyanya njodzi dzine chekuita nekuitisa Phase 3 miyedzo uye nekukurudzira kuisirwa mari kwakazvimirira mumiedzo yakadai, zvichizogona kuwana budiriro yekutengeserana.

Kureba kwenguva yedenda riripo haasati azivikanwa, asi zvakaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza kuti nguva iyi haifanirwe kupambadzwa. Iyi nguva yakatipa mukana wekuwedzera kunzwisisa kwevanhu kwevaccine immunology uye kuvaka patsva kuvimba uye kuvimba mumajekiseni kune vanhu vazhinji sezvinobvira.